What if a single vaccine could protect people from infection by many different viruses? That concept is a step closer to reality.
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified “broadly neutralizing” antibodies that protect against infection by multiple, distantly related alphaviruses—including Chikungunya virus—that cause fever and debilitating joint pain. The discovery, in mice, lays the groundwork for a single vaccine or antibody-based treatment against many different alphaviruses.
“There is a lot of emphasis on identifying and understanding broadly neutralizing antibodies for other viruses—HIV, hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, influenza virus—but most of those antibodies neutralize different strains of the same virus,” said senior author Michael Diamond, MD, PhD, a professor of medicine and director of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development in the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs. “What we’ve identified here are antibodies that actually neutralize several different alphaviruses.”
The research is available online in the journal Cell and will appear in the Nov. 19 print issue.
As part of the study, Diamond and his colleagues screened 60 neutralizing mouse and human antibodies against Chikungunya and determined that 10 react against three or more different alphaviruses that cause arthritis-like symptoms. They also identified a small piece of the alphavirus called an epitope that is identical across the arthritogenic alphavirus family.
In follow-up work in cell cultures, they showed that antibodies that recognize this epitope also protect against infection by multiple alphaviruses. The antibodies blocked multiple steps in the viral life cycle, including the virus’s ability to enter or exit host cells.
To confirm that the antibodies could protect animals from disease, the researchers infected mice with three different alphaviruses: Chikungunya, the closely related O’nyong’nyong virus, or the more distantly related Mayaro virus. The mice then were treated with the each of two of the most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, and both antibodies markedly reduced joint disease caused by any of the viruses.
The researchers then identified a section of an alphavirus protein as the key binding site for the cross-protective antibodies. When such an antibody binds to this site, it changes the three-dimensional structure of the proteins on the surface of the virus, thus providing an explanation for how these antibodies prevent viral infection.
“If you can make an antibody response against this region, you may be able to protect against many viruses in the family,” said Diamond. “Our group is making proteins now that focus on this epitope, and we’re planning to start immunizing animals soon to see if we generate the right kinds of antibodies.”
People who are infected with alphaviruses produce antibodies against many viral epitopes, some of which are not protective. This could lead to a weak immune response that gives the virus time to multiply and cause disease. People who are immunized with proteins expressing the key epitope identified by the researchers, however, should be able to quickly produce the “right” protective antibodies, thereby short-circuiting the disease process.
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